Aquatic Therapy The Benefits of an Aquatic Environment...

Aquatic Therapy: The Benefits of an Aquatic Environment Over the past several years aquatic therapy has increasingly made its presence in the field of physical therapy. This type of therapy, which was once regarded with some concerns, is now offering more certifications in an attempt to increase its credibility. This sudden step towards utilizing aquatic conditions is primarily due to the many benefits it offers to a wide spectrum of patients. Due to the water’s specialized properties, aquatic therapy provides many more advantages than traditional therapy performed out of water. The physical properties that make up water, better allows physical therapists to assist in patient healing and exercise performance. This type of therapy is so†¦show more content†¦Since one of the main goals of aquatic therapy is to accelerate the patients healing, this is a very important benefit to both the physical therapist and the patient. The buoyancy of water provides an unloading of the weight bearing joints of the spine, knee, and hips. D ecreased weight bearing allows for less impact stress between the joints in the water as compared to on land. This can be beneficial for â€Å"those who cannot tolerate exercising on land due to joint pain because of arthritis, healing fractured bones or patients who are overweight.†(Inverarity) Water also provides assistance, along with resistance while exercising, so that progress can be made through various levels of activity while increasing strength. There are three components of buoyancy. First, buoyancy assisted is when water is assisting the motion. An example of an exercise under these circumstances would consist of a patient walking in the water and performing straight leg raises. The water is assisting in hamstring lengthening. Another component would be buoyancy supported, which occurs when the limb is floating on the surface of the water; one moves the limb while the water supports the movement. An example of this would be when a patient’s arm is supported on a kickboard, and they perform horizontal (standing) abduction and abduction, water is supporting the motion. Lastly, buoyancy resistive is when the waterShow MoreRelatedPsychological Benefits Of Aquatic Therapy1568 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological Benefits of Aquatic Therapy Broach and Datillo (1996) states that there is a lack of literature regarding the psychological results of aquatic therapy. Improvements in the areas of body image, self-concept and mood are common. Aquatic therapy is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of depression. If depression decreases than mood will most likely be enhanced by aquatic therapy. Becker (2009) states, aquatic therapy has shown to reduce anxiety as well as promote relaxationRead MoreIs The Water Based Exercise?1638 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking is the water-based exercise is a great tool to use for people with osteoarthritis. The conclusion of both studies shows aquatic therapy helps people with osteoarthritis with keeping the patient active, strengthening their joints, pain relief, and helping them to not fatigue as quickly as land exercises or activities would do. The third diagnose or symptoms aquatic therapy can help is low back pain. Low back pain can be caused by multiple factors like over usage, bad posture, injury, musculoskeletalRead MoreBenefits Of Aquatic Therapy For Patients With Low Back Pain1465 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic review by Waller , Lambeck , and Daly, composed of 37 aquatic therapy studies with 1007 participants, and picked 7 of those studies and used McGill Pain Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, the number of work days lost from low back pain, and subjective assessment scale for pain to measure the outcomes. The SIGN 50 and PEDro scale assessment forms were used to assess the methodological quality. The results showed that aquatic therapy has a beneficial effect on low back pain, but, is no betterRead MorePhysical Therapy Practices : A New Fad Therapy Or Traditional Land Based Form Of Therapy1399 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical therapy practices have an expense of time and should only be performed by a licen sed or certified veterinarian or physical therapist. The question of which is a better practice for the rehabilitation in canine between aquatic therapy or traditional land-based form of therapy? Physical therapy in practice to canines started in the 1980s’ and has taken off ever since. A program for patients to get back to a sustainable condition in a time period helping the animals recover. Aquatic therapy is aRead More Physical-Based Intervention Therapies For Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1616 Words   |  7 PagesControl and Prevention). Newer reports have shown that the prevalence of ASD has increased over previous years and indicates that ASD can actually affect as many as 1 in 88 individuals (Autism Speaks). There are a multitude of different types of therapies than can assist individuals whose lives are affected by ASD. This paper describes many of the challenges faced by individuals with ASD and also explores some of the physical based activities that ha ve been shown to be effective in helping childrenRead MoreWhat Field Of Physical Therapy1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntro to PT Paper There are many areas, settings in Physical therapy .Such as Pediatrics, acute care, aquatics, geriatrics, education, oncology and so much more. I will be explaining what field of physical therapy that I strongly feel of pursuing and my least favorite field. Then I will give my whys and why nots feedback for each field that I talk about. In the area of acute care, physical therapy is provided to patients who are admitted to a hospital for a short-term period of time. They can beRead MoreThe History Of Pediatric Physical Therapy752 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Pediatric Physical Therapy Pediatric physical therapists work to help disabled children and their families grow and become stronger every day. For about a century now, doctors have been making a valiant effort to improve the lives of children. Though it is not the most popular practice, pediatric physical therapy is certainly important to the lives of millions. Since the beginning of pediatrics, new discoveries are constantly being made. Pediatric physical therapy has been making ground breakingRead MorePhysical Therapy And Aquatic Therapy1187 Words   |  5 PagesPhysical Therapy company that provides many different types of physical therapy to our clients. Our physical therapists are the best and most educated in the state. Our physical therapists are also very experience, some of them even work in other counties. EverNew makes sure that our clients come first, they will always know what we are doing 100%. In our facility we two types of physical therapy: physical therapy and aquatic therapy. Since we hav e these two specific types of physical therapy, we willRead MoreMarketing Mix For The Evergreen Aquatic Centre2118 Words   |  9 Pages2: Project-Determine the marketing mix Marketing Mix The marketing mix for the Evergreen Aquatic Centre will engage the four elements of marketing as follows: Product or Facility Recipients of the facility Evergreen Forest is a small community encompassing just under 1010 square miles. The estimated current population is 11010. Evergreen Aquatic Centre offers internationally recognised state of the art aquatic facilities to suit every person’s demands. Going from proficient practice to friendly funRead MoreThe Use Of Antimicrobial Activity During The World War1193 Words   |  5 Pagesin human beings and animals’ medicine, but there are many kinds of risks deriving from the antibiotics therapies, which include the development and spread of resistant bacteria strains and environmental contamination; besides, the micro-biotic organism is also a big issue we need to concern about. Firstly, under the overexposure of antibiotics, the microbes in the livestock’s internal environment especially in the intestine could acquire the new piece of DNA, and the changed genes will make livestock

The Tempest - William Shakespeare Essay - 950 Words

Although William Shakespeare’s The Tempest is often categorized as his late romance, its plots reflect the major social movement of that time—the Europeans settling in the New World. As the Europeans eagerly set out to find the New World, they left behind hopeful citizens pondering over what they would find. In The Tempest, through the characters, we can infer that the Europeans’ intentions ranged from creating the perfect government to interacting with the inhabitants. They discovered that their idea of the perfect government in which everyone is equal failed to exist. Nonetheless, they were correct in their anticipation that the New World would already be settled—by savage ‘Native Americans’. They eventually integrated the Native†¦show more content†¦The men wear half their heads shaven, the other half long†¦some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most wary. All Savage†¦For their apparel, they are some time covered wit h the skins of wild [beasts]†¦There is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which Savages have not a religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Europeans viewed the Native Americans as inferior beings. At first, the Native Americans were inclined to incorporate the Europeans as an intermediary: â€Å"Americans sought to incorporate the newcomers into their universe.† (Kupperman 175) They also concluded that the Europeans would be of great use to trade with. As time progressed, both the Native Americans and the Europeans strived to merge the other into their own hierarchy. (Kupperman 174) However, this attempt at incorporating the other soon proved to be futile. In The Tempest, Caliban is always plotting to overthrow Prospero (conversation with Trinculo and Stephano). This is paralleled in the Europeans’ constant, underlying worry that the natives would revolt against them: â€Å"Both the Roanoke and Jamestown colonists reported that conspiracies against them we re planned.† (Kupperman 175) The Native Americans knew their territory, and gradually developed tactics to fend off attackers. The Native Americans were highly skilled warriors, yet lacked the technology that the Europeans had. (Barbour) In addition, the Europeans had resistance to diseaseShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Shakespeare: The Tempest561 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: The Tempest How is fate used by Shakespeare, in the Tempest, to change and control the range of characters, using Prospero’s power and his magic? In Literature, Destiny or Fate is a source of irony in literature; where the characters may act without realising the destiny that the audience or reader is aware of. This is very much true to that of the plot in the Tempest. Shakespeare has used Prospero’s craft of magic, his great source of power, toRead MoreCaliban in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesCaliban in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Caliban is very important to The Tempest. He is as a prominent link between the audience and play. Elizabethan theatre was more like a football match that theatre, as we know it today. There were raucous crowds who would have particularly liked having a monster they could jeer at. Therefore Caliban would have been a central character to the lower class character, as they could feel superior to him in a very class determinedRead MoreEssay Trinculo in The Tempest by William Shakespeare1190 Words   |  5 PagesTrinculo in The Tempest by William Shakespeare In William Shakespeares The Tempest, Trinculo is a minor comic character whose main ambition is to align himself with whomever is the perceived leader in any situation he finds himself in. He is an intrinsically sociable person, and he gains whatever social rank he can through positioning himself in accordance with those around him, but never seeks to be the leader. In this way, he is the perfect jester, always seeking to stand by theRead More The Tempest the Play by William Shakespeare Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest the Play by William Shakespeare Ruler’s in general face many problems, as is the nature of having power and authority. However rulers like Prospero face even more difficulties, as Prospero has the ultimate power of magic and can control and manipulate people and their actions, more so than a natural ruler. The first difficulty presented is an issue, which is dealt with throughout the play: the idea of how much or how little to intervene? From the beginning of the play we areRead More Imagery in The Tempest, by William Shakespeare Essay3748 Words   |  15 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares play The Tempest utilizes extensive imagery which goes beyond merely creating atmosphere and background or emphasizing the major themes of the play. The supernatural plays a considerable role in the play, thus so does the use of imagery, which is more extensive and somewhat different from many other of Shakespeares works. The imagery is used as a mediator of supernatural powers, to emphasize the natural scene of action, and establish the enchanted island whichRead More Prospero and Ariel in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay2316 Words   |  10 PagesProspero and Ariel in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Throughout the years since The Tempest was first published in the 1623 Folio, there has been much debate among Shakespeare’s contemporaries and critics as to the significance of the figure of Prospero and other major characters featured in the work. In this paper, I want to examine the figure of Prospero and his relationship with the character Ariel. In doing this, I want to show how Prospero is a figure for the artist, how Ariel isRead More Portrayal of Utopia in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 PagesUtopia in The Tempest In The Tempest, Shakespeare allows the audience to appreciate the possibilities of utopian society, the good, and bad, so that they can understand the problems that the pursuit of a utopian environment may cause. The Tempest is a window into the dimensions of utopian societies. Shakespeares play portrays the good and the evil sides of the perfect life. While his characters take on the role of the leaders of the utopian societies, Shakespeare portrays the socialRead MoreEssay about Main Characters of The Tempest by William Shakespeare883 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare uses his plays not only to entertain the audience, but also to push the audience toward self-evaluation. The brilliance of Shakespeare is that his plays may be interpreted in different ways. The Tempest is not simply a fictional story meant to entertain the audience, but also a complete figurative narrative meant to mirror the art of the theatre. In this play each character represents a significant part in the alternate interpretation of the narrative. Examination of specificRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1603 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play, The Tempest, power is manifested in several forms: the investigation of the power of love, the power of magic and illusion, or the power of nature. However, in The Tempest, power is most clearly defined as dominance. Throughout the play, there is a universal pursuit of dominance over other people, dominance over property, or dominance over cultural ideals. These pursuits of dominance are used in an attempt to further ones authority, and, ultimately, one’s life. In The Tempest, a motif ofRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words   |  6 PagesColonialism in A Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚   A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s The Tempest.   He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.   Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.   Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because he

Emotional Intelligence Abstract Free Essays

Emotional Intelligence Abstract: Emotional intelligence is a learned response that can be changed. Emotional intelligence is simply understanding ourselves and others, and acting in the best interest of ourselves and others. My test results of an Emotional Intelligence test from The Institute for Health and Human Potential made me quite emotional as I read them. We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Intelligence Abstract or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Emotional Intelligence test had questions that were to be answered on a sliding scale, from one side being strongly disagree to the other end being strongly agree. The questions were about my feelings on several different areas of life experiences. The questions were easy and straight forward. To me they were about common sense. There also was a short 4 part video to watch. To me it was quite silly, about a manager with a lot of emotional issues. My test results said I was slightly above average in Emotional Intelligence with room to grow. That made me smile. As I read on the results choked me up. I felt like this very informal test told more about me than I even know about myself or at least am willing to say about myself. The second test was from Queendom the land of tests and was called the Emotional Intelligence Test. This test had a few more questions than the first test. Again the questions were easy and straight forward. The questions were to be answered on a sliding scale like the first test. The questions seemed a little more personal than the first test. Both tests made me sit back and really think about my answers. The second test consisted of two parts, a self-report portion, and an ability portion. The test asses my ability to recognize my own emotions and those of others. Also how to understand how best to motivate myself and become closer to others, and to manage my feeling and the feeling of others. It also stated I was reasonably good but there was some room for improvement. Overall I am fairly skilled at understanding and dealing with emotions. It also stated I was reasonably skilled when it comes to the ability to identify, perceive and express emotions in myself and in others. As for limitations, I don’t always choose the most ideal form of resolution for others’ conflicts. And the manner in which I would resolve conflicts are not always beneficial. Emotion intelligence refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotions and to reason and problem solve on the basis of them. (Mayer, 1999) Emotional intelligence involves the capacity to perceive emotions and understand the information of those emotions and manage them. Emotional intelligence is important because it is critical to manage ones behaviors and in making critical choices in life. Emotional intelligence has a massive impact on personal and professional success. Emotional intelligence can be increased with practice. The limbic system (the emotion brain) reacts to events first before we have the opportunity to engage the rational brain. (emotionalintelligence. net) the definition of emotional intelligence requires effective communication between the rational and emotional centers of the brain. Plasticity is a term to describe your brains ability to grow new connections between neurons that facilitate the use of new behaviors. When you work to increase your emotional intelligence the billions of neurons between the rational and emotional centers of your brain branch off to communicate with the cells around them. A single cell can grow up to 10,000 connections to the cells around it. Improving your emotional intelligence can be done by thinking before you speak and self-knowledge. To me an example of high emotional intelligence is someone who is self-motivated, even when there are bad circumstances and they still stay motivated. In other words, they are not quitters. Someone that can control their temper is high in emotional intelligence. References: Mayer, Caruso, Salovery, 2000 Emotional Intelligence, Why it can matter more than IQ, Daniel Goleman Emotionalintelligence. net How to cite Emotional Intelligence Abstract, Essay examples

Same Sex Marriges Essay Example For Students

Same Sex Marriges Essay Society does not accept Same Sex Marriges Essay. There are various reasons for this. Many people feel that same sex marriges are not natural, and go against religious beliefs. Some people may be homophobic feel that gays and lesbians do not deserve to be united legally on paper, or under the blessings of God. Homosexuals want to marry for the same reason that heterosexuals have and there should be no reason why they are not allowed to. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage involves legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation. They become a legal beneficiary of a deceased spouses property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults want to be married in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, the law should not interfere with that simply because they are of the same gender. By not allowing same sex marriges, we are saying that gays and lesbians do not have the same rights as a heterosexual couple and that is not right. It seems like they are considered not to be normal. I dont even think there is a normal for anyone anymore. They cannot benefit from eachother the way a heterosexual married couple would be able to. The only people that benefit from this are the people that do not accept same sex marriges. Personally I do not believe that they are hurting anyone by wanting to get married. Bibliography I dont have one Sociology .

Title Of Paper Software Piracy A Worldwide Problem Essays

Title of Paper : Software Piracy : A Worldwide Problem Grade Received on Report : 98 Software Piracy: A Worldwide Problem Software piracy is defined as the illegal copying of software for commercial or personal gain. Software companies have tried many methods to prevent piracy, with varying degrees of success. Several agencies like the Software Publishers Association and the Business Software Alliance have been formed to combat both worldwide and domestic piracy. Software piracy is an unresolved, worldwide problem, costing millions of dollars in lost revenue. Software companies have used many different copy protection schemes. The most annoying form of copy protection is the use of a key disk. This type of copy protection requires the user to insert the original disk every time the program is run. It can be quite difficult to keep up with disks that are years old. The most common technique of copy protection requires the user to look up a word or phrase in the program's manual. This method is less annoying than other forms of copy protection, but it can be a nusance having to locate the manual everytime. Software pirates usually have no trouble "cracking" the program, which permanently removes the copy protection. After the invention of CD-ROM, which until lately was uncopyable, most software companies stopped placing copy protection in their programs. Instead, the companies are trying new methods of disc impression. 3M recently developed a new technology of disc impression which allows companies to imprint an image on the read side of a CD-ROM. This technology would not prevent pirates from copying the CD, but it would make a "bootleg" copy differ from the original and make the copy traceable by law enforcement officials (Estes 89). Sometimes, when a person uses a pirated program, there is a "virus" attached to the program. Viruses are self-replicating programs that, when activated, can damage a computer. These viruses are most commonly found on pirated computer games, placed there by some malignant computer programmer. In his January 1993 article, Chris O' Malley points out that if piracy was wiped out viruses would eventually disappear (O' Malley 60). There are ways that a thrifty consumer can save money on software without resorting to piracy. Computer companies often offer discounts on new software if a person has previously purchased an earlier version of the software. Competition between companies also drives prices low and keeps the number of pirated copies down (Morgan 45). People eventually tire or outgrow their software and decide to sell it. Usually, there is no problem transferring the program from one person to another unless the original owner had been bound by a license agreement. In order for the new owner to legally own the software, the old owner must tell the company, in writing, that he would like to transfer the license to the new owner. Most people fail to notify the company when selling software, thus making the unsuspecting new owner a software pirate (Morgan 46). Consumers must be careful when dealing with used software. United States copyright law allows consumers to place a copy of a program on their computer and also make another copy for backup purposes, in case the original disk fails or is destroyed. Some software companies use licensing agreements to restrict people from making more than one copy of a program. Such use of agreements can make an average consumer into a software pirate, in his effort to make sure his expensive software is safe (Murdoch 2). Before 1990 movie rental stores could rent computer software. People who rented the software would copy the software before returning it. In defense, Congress passed the Software Rental Act, outlawing the rental of software. Even though illegal, many stores and even some software companies still rent software. Since retail space in stores is extremely limited, companies could rent older software that did not have a good showing in retail stores (Champion 128). Software companies could take an idea from the home video industry. The larger video makers found that if they sold videos in foreign countries through their own dealerships, the amount of piracy decreased (Weisband 33). A rather unique strategy used by American software manufactures helps raise local intrest in stopping software piracy. Companies invest

Essay Sample on Physical Security and Its Importance

Essay Sample on Physical Security and Its Importance Free sample essay on The Importance of Physical Security: The importance of physical security cannot be understated because it ranges from issues of outright theft of a system or key storage component to intervention with the boot drive during startup. Physical security is the basis of computer security. The two main topics of physical security are protection against natural risks and malicious attacks. Natural risks are the most common threats to computer physical security. Power interruption may be hard to recover from. Sometimes it may result in permanent system damage, since electronic components are not designed to absorb sudden power fluctuations. UPS (uninterrupted power supply), surge protectors, alternative power generators are possible security measures although many times their effectiveness goes untested. Use of chemical fire suppressants such as halon or smoke detectors and sprinklers are possible security measures. Chemical fire suppressants like halon can be tricky to use because we want to be able to evacuate people easily, but we also want to seal the room to keep the halon contained. When using water sprinklers to put out fires we have to make sure that the water from the sprinklers will not wet the systems, as this may cause electrical damage or water damage. Lightning during storms can be very damaging. Using surge protectors alone may not protect against surges of these magnitudes. The increase of waterfall during storms can critically overload pipes and cause them to rupture. There are two distinctions to be made between raising waters and falling waters. The first can happen in case of flood for example. Systems should be placed in high stands and possibly in higher floors of buildings, not in the basement. Falling waters may happen because of leakage during heavy storms or because of fire alarm sprinklers. The easiest form of protection in this case is lot of plastic sheets. The use of foam fire extinguishers instead of water ones would be safer as well. People or animals may create communications interruption. To protect against accidental severance of communication lines, duplicate lines at different sites are needed. Operator errors such as coffee or coke spills and accidental file deletion are very common. Errors such as mounting the wrong tapes or accidentally hitting the wrong key can also occur. The previous security measures together with a backup system kept offsite would be ideal. In order to quickly restart the computer system first of all we need up to date backups. The backups should be kept in a separate place possibly miles away. In some cases a cold site may be needed. A cold site is a facility with power, cooling and network connections available to install a computer system. For more critical task hot sites may be required. A hot site is a facility with a computer system ready to run and be used. The cost of maintaining a hot site is high. Many types of backups are possible- daily, weekly, and monthly, as well as full, incremental, and differential. Backups can be used either for quick restart or restoration of damaged systems, as well as for record keeping and tracking purposes. Backups should be separately stored in a secure place away from the system. Backups should be regularly tested to make sure that the data on the backups are intact. Also backups may conta in sensitive information so they should be protected since they provide an attacker with a potential entry point to private data other than the computer system itself. Preventing malicious attacks where attackers need to get close to mount the attack. Here are some reasons why someone might want to attack you: Financial gain Disgruntled employee seeking revenge You are the first available target Gain fame As a diversion Physical access control walls and fences define the security perimeter, while guards and locks enforce access control policy. Only authorized users may enter the perimeter. Possible security leaks include: Masquerading: A person disguised as an authorized user. This can be done using forged IDs or pretending to be a repairman. Piggy-backing A person who enters the security perimeter by following an authorized user. Lock-picking: Any locked can be picked. However, many times the easiest way is simply to go through dropped ceilings or removing the hinges from door. Possible solutions to these attacks include: Safes, doors with special locks are useless unless the keys are hard to duplicate and obtain. Motion detectors. These devices should be turned on when no one should be in the area. Backups. Maintaining system and data backups is fundamental. Securing valuable information through regular backups is the best defense against a natural disaster, a runaway virus, or a hack job. Limit physical access to the Boot CD-ROM and Floppy Drives. Physical access to a floppy drive or CD-ROM on a domain controller invites intrusion. It is possible to use boot disks get system access. Turn these features off in the BIOS and password-protect.

Food coloring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food coloring - Research Paper Example Food colours can either be obtained naturally or manufactured synthetically. Most colours are obtained from plant pigments. These pigments could either come from vegetable or fruits. Obtaining natural colours is sometimes costly. Chemists make identical colours improve purity. Molecules of these manufactured colours are the same molecules from the natural source. Since most natural colours cannot dissolve in water, they are processed as salts to make them soluble in water. Some of the synthetic colour examples are; blackcurrant jams made from azo dyes quinoline and xanthenes. Aramnath an example of synthetic food colour Carmine used in yoghurts is obtained from insects that produce carmanic acid. Dried insects are boiled in water to extract this acid. The structure of a carminic acid that is extracted from the cochineal insect is shown below. Other chemical formulas of commonly use food colours include; Allura red (C18H14N2Na208S2), Tartrazine (C16H9N4Na309S2) and Brilliant blue (C37H34N2Na209S3). any people relate a food colour to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).Tartrazine is associated with hypersensitive reactions to children. Chemists turned attention to synthetic colours since natural colour were found to be having traces of mercury toxics. According to America’s research, synthetic food colours have adversely been found to be affecting small children behaviour. Food colours that are deemed synthetic are sometimes mixtures of chemicals from laboratories and combinations of other petro chemicals.

Queer Theory Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Queer Theory Questions - Assignment Example According to Cathy J. Cohen (438), the advent of queer theory in the early 1990s found its most direct confrontation with the real-life politics of gay, bisexual, lesbian, and transgendered activists. Queer activism became perceived as a more confrontational political formation aimed at addressing the invisibility of gay and lesbian members in civil rights political organizations. Queer activism aimed at first recognizing and encouraging the movement and fluidity of people’s sexual lives. Queer activism also aimed at challenging the various practices and power circles that rendered the gay and lesbian community members invisible. What queer activism achieved further in correcting earlier conceptions about the gay and lesbian communities was their readiness to emphasize and exaggerate their own anti-normative characteristics and non-stable behavior (Cohen 438). Queer activism got perceived as a multisite and sustained resistance against the dominant constructions of gender and race. Cohen also admits that queer activism, however, failed in its present form to challenge the systems of oppression and domination. Particularly, queer activism failed to address the normalizing processes that were engrossed in heteronormativity. Heteronormativity had been the main focus of the advent of queer activism. She suggests that queer activism has failed to analyze heterosexuality as it got founded on a simple dichotomy that existed between those who got deemed queer and those deemed as heterosexual (Cohen 440). She suggests that some queer activists have begun to prioritize sexuality as the principal avenue through which they follow their politics. Her disappointment is further engraved in these individuals who continue to pursue their politics by emphasizing on a single characteristic of their identity rather than focus on the multiple diversities that determine our life chances (Cohen 440).  Ã‚  

Is the use of placebos as a control ethical when an effective standard Essay

Is the use of placebos as a control ethical when an effective standard of care medication is available (YES or No) - Essay Example This does not exclude the use of placebo, or no treatment, in studies where no proven prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic method exists.1i The revision does not ban placebo but allows it only when there is unanimous agreement among members of medical community that no effective treatment is available. In the absence of effective preferred treatment, placebo controlled trials are permissible. In all other cases, its use has been restricted on ethical grounds. Critics have raised objections to the absolutism of the revised version. The basic ethical concern is grounded in one complex question: Are the rights of the subject more important than potential for greater good of the society If it is felt that inefficacy of drugs can be tested through placebos and new drugs can be developed, should the researchers proceed with the trial or should they be concerned about welfare of the subjects to the extent that they abandon the research This is a question which definitely is not easy to answer. Proponents of the revised version support the declaration that: "In research on man, the interest of science and society should never take precedence over considerations related to the well being of the subject."ii Supporters of placebo controlled trial are of the view that use of an inactive agent is preferable to an active one because it provides an important static reference pointiii. Another major argument in favor of placebo use is connected with Food and Drug Administration in the US that does not approve any drug that has not been tested with placeboiv. While it is true that many resent the imperialistic stance of FDA, the fact remains that in most cases, clinical trials with placebo might appear to be the only option. It is true that welfare of the subjects is an important concern but equally important is the development of a better and more effective treatment. In case an effective treatment exists and the patient is suffering from a life threatening disease, it is better not to proceed with the placebo control method. But where a slight delay might not significant affect a patient and a clearly effective treatment is unavailable, use of placebo should be allowed unhindered. FDA on one occasion for example "argued that the low risk to subjects justifies the use of placebo arms in clinical trials when effective treatments are available and equipoise is therefore impossible."v It is possible to reach a consensus on the issue if we study the placebo control method carefully and delineate some clear rules as to when it can be applied. Emanuel, Miller offer a sound solution when they say, "A placebo-controlled trial has a sound scientific rationale if the following criteria are met: there is a high placebo-response rate; the condition is typically characterized by a waxing-and-waning course, frequent spontaneous remissions, or both; and existing therapies are only partly effective or have very serious side effects; or

The role of gold and the gold commander

The role of gold and the gold commander This chapter will examine the role of Gold, attempt to identify what makes an effective Gold Commander, and seek to establish the extent to which the interaction between Gold and Silver requires technical knowledge and understanding. The chapter will also explore the cultural component of Gold Command, and whether organisational culture places informal barriers in the path of direct entrants being accepted to undertake the role within the Fire Rescue Service. The author intends to define and explain the research question in the context of contemporary ideas and thinking, and to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research and the trends that have emerged (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003) The Gold Commander is expected to exercise leadership, which traditionally would have been developed whilst operating at the operational and tactical level (following the normal career progression path). However, the recent appointment of senior managers within the Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) who have joined as direct entrants since the introduction of new appointment and promotion regulations, which has allowed multi-tier entry (ODPM, 2004) will have evidenced leadership skills, which will generally have been developed as a result of working in other occupations. As has been mentioned in a previous chapter, Adam Crozier is an example of a businessman who has demonstrated an ability to adapt and excel in different occupations, and exercise effective leadership with support from subject matter experts. With jobs as diverse as the Football Association and Royal Mail, is it possible that given an appropriate level of support, and a nominal amount of training, Crozier could also demonstrate effective leadership as a Gold Commander? A business leader may lead a team and make difficult decisions through an economic crisis, in the same way that the Gold Commander is responsible for leading their team, albeit remotely from the personnel who will be working at Bronze and Silver level. As it is recognised that effective leadership processes represent a critical factor in the success of teams in organisations (Zaccharo et al., 2001, quoted in Flin et al., 2008: 132), it is clear that the role of the Gold Commander in leading the team is vitally important to a successful outcome. The leader needs to be effective in order to play a positive role in the resolution of an incident, and it is therefore necessary to define what effective actually means, Oxford Dictionaries online simply states its meaning as successful in producing a desired or intended result (http://oxforddictionaries.com accessed 24/11/10). However the measure of that success, and therefore effectiveness, is very subjective, indeed in the case of a tragi c incident involving loss of life, the quality of the leadership may be subject to scrutiny by judicial review or public enquiry. The Role of the Gold Commander During an emergency it may be appropriate to implement strategic or Gold command, however the FRS will rarely instigate a Gold Commander solely for an FRS operation, which has minimal impact on other organisations. However, whilst a Principal Officer1 may be the Incident Commander at a large, complex, or high profile incident, they will be operating at the tactical level when in command. In this situation Gold command is not applicable, although some co-ordination at Silver level is likely to be required. If the same incident required a higher degree of interoperability and a Strategic Coordinating Group (SCG) were formed (HMG, 2009), it will require the attendance of a commander, who may be a lower ranking officer, but who nevertheless should have an appropriate level of experience and authority to act. This individual, formally known as the Fire Gold Commander, will set tactical parameters for Silver to operate within, and will not be expected to direct or take charge of operations on the actual incident ground. As soon as circumstances permit the Principal Officer should assume command, indicating that the positions are role related (ICS, 2008, p.21-24). However, the Police will routinely designate Gold Commanders, who will assume overall command and have ultimate responsibility and accountability for the response to an incident. The Police Gold will have a secondary role to establish and chair the SCG in order to coordinate the emergency or major incident (ACPO, 2009 p.26). This would suggest a different expectation of the role of the respective Gold Commanders, with the levels of culpability/accountability appearing to contrast somewhat. If the Police Gold Commander is required to ratify and review the progress of Silver Commanders tactical plans (ACPO, 2009 p.25) and the Fire Gold Commander is required to set tactical parameters for Silver to operate within, and prioritise the personnel and resource demands (ICS, 2008), the latter suggests a more hands-off approach. This may explain why Police Gold Commanders appear to be more reluctant to accept direct entrants at the senior level. 1 Chief, Deputy or Assistant Officer 2 Gold Silver Bronze Experiential Decision Making The definition of an appropriate level of experience as stated above is subjective, and clearly open to debate. It raises the question of whether the skills required for effective command at the operational and tactical level, are identical to those required for strategic command? Since 1985, researchers have been trying to establish how decisions are made during stressful non-routine situations, with Fire Commanders being of particular interest (Klein et al, 1993). The study of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) is concerned with how experienced people, working as individuals or groups in dynamic, uncertain and often fast paced environments, identify and assess their situation, make decisions and take actions whose consequences are meaningful to them and to the larger organisation in which they operate Zsambok and Klein (1997) (cited in Flin and Arbuthnot, 2002. p. 207). It has been stated that decisions made under stress do not follow traditional decision-making processes, and inst ead fireground commanders rely on their well developed sense of intuition (Gasaway, 2007). The amount of information required to make a decision will depend on the experience and intuition of the commander, and this has been referred to as thin slicing by Gladwell (2005) which means making very quick decisions with small amounts of information, or the concept of thinking without thinking, or the ability of our unconscious to find patterns in situations and behaviour based on very narrow slices of experience. Gladwell contends that thin-slicing can have its uses or can be a mistake. If one takes a small amount of information to generalise or make decisions in whole then decisions may be made that really are incorrect. However, sometimes a small amount of relevant information is all that is required to make decisions and act. Gladwell hints that ultimately we should only rely on thin-slicing when our intuition has been honed by experience and training as truly successful decision making relies on a balance between deliberate and instinctive thinking. Clearly, the ability to thin slice derives from experience of the situation or similar environment, where the commander has successfully or unsuccessfully dealt with an incident and can anticipate the next problem that may arise, which links to recognition primed decision making (RPD). The question of whether thin slicing has its place in the SCG environment is debatable, as RPD is not usually associated with Gold level decision making, for strategic commanders may need to be discouraged from making decisions based on intuition, if a more analytical approach is more appropriate (Fredholm 1997, cited HMG 2008). Flin and Arbuthnot (2002, p. 214) considered the fields of aviation, military and the police, and suggested that Incident Commanders (IC) may adopt one of four decision strategies, depending on their assessment of the available time and level of risk: Recognition primed (intuition, gut feel) (If X then Y- little conscious effort need to retrieve Y) Procedures (written or memorised) (If X then Y conscious search) Analytical comparison of the different courses of action available (If X, which Y?) Creative (designing a novel course of action) (If X, have no Y, design new Y). The decision strategies are based on increasing levels of mental concentration, not just to retrieve information from the memory stores (long term memory), but to consciously operate on or think about the information retrieved (working memory) (Flin and Arbuthnot, 2002). Most of the studies involving NDM have related to decision making in dynamic environments where there is little time for the luxury of creative or analytical problem solving (HMG 2008). So how are prior operational and tactical experiences of a Gold Commander utilised, when faced with never before experienced occurrences such as the Buncefield Fire, the largest fire in Europe since 1945 which relied on creativity rather than prior experience to resolve successfully? (Wilsher, 2006) If decision making is dependent on the experiences of the decision maker, it must also rely on the ability of the Gold Commander to be self reflective. If an individual is unable to effectively reflect and learn from their experiences, they will be unable to apply the learning to future events. Considering Kolbs experiential learning cycle (as shown in figure 1), it could be that they have twenty years experience, or one years experience, twenty times. So time alone is not a pre-cursor to being an effective Gold Commander, its what has been learnt from the experiences during that time. Figure 1 Kolbs Learning Cycle (University of Leeds 2010) Leadership One of the key responsibilities of the Gold Commander is to work with partner agencies (ICS, 2008 p24). This will require a positive working relationship both before an incident occurs, as true interoperability is built on mutual understanding, familiarity and trust (ACPO, 2009). According to Goleman (2002: 51-52) relationship management relies on the most visible tools of leadership including persuasion, conflict management and collaboration. More recently, this was confirmed by Bradberry and Greaves (2005), and of course collaboration, and to a lesser extent persuasion, are components of leadership which will often be tested in the Integrated Emergency Management (IEM) environment. Much research has been conducted to quantify the desirable attributes required for effective leadership (Kets de Vries 1993; Higgs 2002, Parry and Meindl 2002). Although there are many different types of leaders, people will often prefer to work with a leader who has outstanding soft skills. Evidence in creasingly shows that the higher one goes in an organization, the more important EI can be (Kemper, 1999, p. 16). The Gold Commander should have developed self awareness, as the leadership of an organisation or team, can influence the work environment and affect everything from morale, to effective performance. The selection and development of leaders is amongst the oldest of personnel functions (Fiedler 2001), but much of early leadership selection was conducted by birthright (Northouse 2007). Throughout the past century considerable research has been conducted into leadership which can largely be placed into three primary categories; leadership traits, leadership behaviours and the situational context of leadership (Sashkin and Sashkin 2003). Northouse (2007) states that Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse. 2007: 3). Flin et al (2008: 129) suggest that leadership relates to the personal qualities, behaviours, styles and strategies adopted by the team leader. They further suggest that leaders come in various forms, with some being task specialists, and others good with people. Trait theories of leadership were popular during the early to mid 1900s, and worked on the assumption that great leaders are born great (Sashkin and Sashkin 2003) and that by defining the necessary traits of effective leaders the secrets of leadership could be unlocked (Densten 2003). If leadership was a result of definable traits then it would be reasonable to expect that a defined list of those traits would have been found after over 100 years of research. This has not been found. The main criticisms of the trait theories are that they fail to take account of the situational and contextual aspects of leadership, and many of the definitions of various traits are highly subjective (Northouse 2007). The debate continues as to whether an individual must possess a definite set of characteristics in order to be a leader in any given situation. Some authors have suggested that the traits necessary for battlefield leadership would be effective in a school environment, dismissing the impact of the situation (Sadler 1997). Research indicates that there are varying opinions on the level of requirement of these very different qualities. Annotating these qualities into a list form results in a comprehensive summation but does the Gold Commander have to possess all, or just some of them? Conversely, if the list is not exhaustive and it is possible that someone might have other leadership qualities. How does that equate? Emotional Intelligence Commanding an emergency clearly requires effective leadership, and by its very nature a dynamic incident will sometimes require an autocratic style, but is this always necessary? Is it the case that in the Gold environment, the application of softer skills is more advantageous, with Emotional Intelligence (EI) becoming a more important component? EI was first mentioned in an unpublished thesis in 1986, and was the subject of a US article published in 1990, where it is described as the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions (Mayer and Salovey, 1990). Since that time there has been a vast amount of research and published information on the subject of EI, evidenced when the author searched for books titled Emotional Intelligence on the website of an online bookseller, returning a total of 9507 results (Amazon UK November 2010). Golemans original work is open to some debate as he seems to contradict his theory by suggesting that emotion is a biological reaction on the one hand, whereas EI can be learnt and developed. Whatever the case, it is clearly more art than science, as the interpretation of EI is subjective. It would appear that the wide interest in the subject is due to the emerging recognition of the power of EI, both in terms of personal development, with the suggested opportunity to transform an individuals life experience, health and happiness, and for transforming the effectiveness of work organisations. The developing argument is that levels of emotional intelligence are inextricably linked to levels of performance, particularly in senior positions within an organisation, a viewpoint which is often repeated (Sparrow and Knight 2006). Some organisations have embraced the principles of EI, including the Royal Air Force, which in 2002 completed a comprehensive review of leadership development, leading to the establishment of the RAF Leadership Centre. The centres website informs that the RAF seeks a particular contribution from its leaders and lists nine attributes required for effective leadership. The second attribute listed, is concerned with the possession of EI, described thus; Emotionally Intelligent Self-awareness is one of the key foundations of effective leadership. Leaders who know themselves will be able to develop self-control and subsequently understand the needs of others. This will enable them to manage relationships at all levels better and remain calm under pressure. Thus individuals will be able to function as part of a wider team, invariably multidisciplinary, increasingly joint and often multinational, in the delivery of military capability http://www.raf.mod.uk/pmdair/rafcms/mediafiles/1E8488F4_5056_A318_A8AB0AC2CFC4589A.doc. (accessed 29/11/10). In 2006 the Centre for Leadership was established at the Fire Service College. The strategy for the development of tomorrows FRS leaders is enshrined within the leadership model Aspire (HMG 2008) which has been developed in response to the identification of the importance of excellence in leadership. The model is underpinned by the FRS core values, linking transformational models of leadership, and guiding behaviours to influence leadership actions and results. The Aspire model contains some elements which can be linked to EI, including; Openness to Change Situational Awareness Confidence Resilience Effective Communication The author finds it somewhat surprising that, whilst it is obvious that the RAF has recognised the connection between emotional intelligence and effective leadership, there is no direct mention of EI within the Aspire Leadership Model and Framework for the FRS. This is somewhat disappointing Notwithstanding the above, the FRS has recognised the value of people management competences, in addition to task competencies, and that both competency sets need to be included in assessing, training and evaluating effective incident commanders. The non-technical skills of an organisations emergency response personnel are as important as their technical expertise and knowledge and application of emergency operating procedures (Crichton and Flin, 2001). Competence A dictionary definition (www.dictionary.reference.com) of competence is: the quality of being competent; adequacy; possession of required skill, knowledge, qualification or capacity. Whereas Harvey (2004) describes it as the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities at a level of expertise sufficient to be able to perform in an appropriate work setting However acquiring skills are only part of the equation, for it is necessary to effectively perform a role as defined by Boyatzis: Effective performance of a job is the attainment of specific results (i.e. outcomes) required by the job through specific actions while maintaining or being consistent with policies, procedures conditions of the organisational environment. (Boyatzis, 1982:12) He further contends that maximum performance occurs when an individuals capability is consistent with the job demands and the organisational environment. (Boyatzis, 2007:2). Figure 2 Boyatziss model for competencies and effective performance Boyatzis model illustrates how an individuals personal values, knowledge, competencies and abilities contribute to performance in terms of the overlap with the job demands and the organisational environment. In simple terms this means that the bigger the overlap the better the performance. For the purpose of this research paper, Flins (1996) definition will be followed, which is the ability to perform consistently within an occupation to the standards expected in employment. The National Occupational Standard for a Fire Gold Commander working at the Strategic Level is EFSM 1 (www.skillsforjustice-ipds.com/nos/en/EFSM1.doc accessed 7/12/12). This standard details the technical skills and understanding which are required at this level. However, there is no mention of non-technical skills, as these are contained within the National Strategic Manager Personal Qualities and Attributes (CLG, 2009). In the emergency services, competency requirements for key decision makers are still very much based on rank rather than proven skill or ability though there is a move to change this. In the FRS, there is a shift from rank to role, where there is a role map of competences under the Integrated Personal Development System (IPDS) designed to be relevant to each level in the service. However, as with any cultural shift, it will take some time for this reality to assert itself through all ranks within the FRS (Devitt, 2009). The author finds it interesting to note that whilst there is a role map for Brigade Manager, strategic uniformed mangers within the FRS still prefer to title themselves, Chief Fire Officer. Does this perhaps suggest that the senior leadership of the FRS are not culturally ready to embrace modernisation in its truest sense? Culture Organisational culture is a system of shared values, and beliefs about what is important, what behaviours are appropriate and about feelings and relationships internally and externally. Values and cultures need to be unique to the organisation, widely shared and reflected in daily practice and relevant to the company purpose and strategy. (CIPD, 2011). In simple terms it can be referred as the way we do things around here. The leader will be affected by the culture in which they operate, and its values, structure, hierarchy and rules will dictate how they are likely to command an incident, and ultimately whether they will be judged to be effective or ineffective (Devitt, 2009 p.37). Devitt refers to the work of Reiner (1991) who studied senior police officers and identified four different types of Chief Constable, the barons, bobbies, bosses and bureaucrats. Reiner contended that their different leadership styles will be reflected in the culture of the organisation which may influence the Chair of an SCG, and thus the style and approach with which a strategic multi-agency response is operated. If the Chair of an SCG adopts the style of a boss, who controls mainly through authority not power, dont suffer criticism gladly, and see community policing as idealistic in the face of an overwhelming tide of crime, this will clearly affect the dynamics of the group Devitt (2009). Chan (1996) undertook a study of police culture, and refers to Bourdieus relational theory, which explains cultural practice as the result of interaction between cultural dispositions (habitus) and structural positions (field), situating culture in the social and political context of police work. Sackmann goes on to describe the essence of culture as the collective construction of social reality. Her cognitive model encompasses all forms of shared organised knowledge: the form of things that people have in their minds; their models for perceiving, integrating, and interpreting them; the ideas or theories that they use collectively to make sense of their social and physical reality (Sackmann 1991: 21). She classifies cultural knowledge within an organisation into four dimensions: dictionary knowledge, which provides definitions and labels of things and events within an organization; directory knowledge, which contains descriptions about how things are done generally in the organization; recipe knowledge, which prescribes what should or should not be done in specific situations; and axiomatic knowledge, which represents the fundamental assumptions about why things are done the way they are in an organisation. Axiomatic knowledge, often held by top management, constitutes the foundation for the shape and future of the organisation. These may be adjusted or revised from time to time as a result of critical evaluations or growing experience. Sackmann sees cultural cognitions as being held by groups rather than individuals. These cognitions are socially constructed, and may be changed or perpetuated by organisational processes through repeated applications. In time, these cognitions are imbued with emotions and acquire degrees of importance; they also become habits of thoughts that translate into habitual actions. With the FRS implementation of the modernisation agenda under the National Framework (although this has recently changed with the election of the coalition government), some senior fire officers are reluctant to readily accept that direct entrants or non-operational staff may be effective at undertaking a Gold Command role, whilst a number of Police Gold Commanders have expressed th eir opposition to the idea, as evidenced by the authors research..

The catcher in the rye and the stranger Essay -- essays research paper

Holden Caulfield and Mersault have both been alienated in their worlds as the authors have so clearly portrayed in both books. But as much as both have been alienated, one is an essentialist while the other remains an existentialist. Holden Caulfield being the essentialist that he is, has psychological motivation for every action he takes. He is a teenager that is struggling with the fact that everyone has to grow up, which to him means that you have to become â€Å"phony or corrupt†. While on the other hand Mersault, the existentialist, does things for no reason whatsoever. He is a completely aloof, unattached , unemotional person. He doesn’t think much about events or their consequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotional times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The similarities between Holden and Mersault are the way they are both in a sense alienated from the worlds in which they live in. Holden Caulfield believes that all adults are phony so he doesn’t want to become one and so he distances himself from the adult world. He feels that when you’re a child you view the world without any bias, you see everything for what it is. So to stay a child he constantly flunks out of schools back and forth. When you graduate from highschool you are going to the next level whether it be college or whatever else you want to do, everyone around you will view you as an adult and you yourself will become one. After highschool, most people tend to grow up but Caul...

Characteristics of Developing Countries Essay

Characteristics of Developing Countries BY Hafeez260 The theme of this essay is: the importance of a study of other semi-developed countries as they struggle for economic growth, the elimination of mass poverty and, at the political level, for democratisation and the reduction of reliance on coercion. New countries are finding their voices in all sorts of ways and are managing to interest an international audience. South Africa is not least among them; contemporary international consciousness of the travail of our particular path towards modernity testifies at least to a considerable national talent for dramatic ommunication and (for those who care to look more deeply) a far from extinct tradition of moral conscientiousness. One aspect of this flowering is a rapidly growing crop of social scientific studies of semi-developed countries of which this university is fortunate to have a substantial collection, contained mainly in the library of Jan Smuts House. From this literature, one can extract five themes of particular interest. The first is the problem of uneven development and effective national unification, especially in deeply divided societies. Capitalist development has mpinged on semi-developed countries from outside rather than transforming slowly from within, incorporating different groups in different ways. Particular problems arise when differential incorporation coincides in substantial measure with boundaries between ethnic groups. If Donald Horowitz’s remarkable study of ethnic groups in conflict is right, more energy goes into attempting to maximise differences in the welfare of in groups and out groups than into maximising their Joint welfare, with adverse consequences for the possibilities of building the national political and economic institutions required for development. Gordon Tullock has argued that this is an additional reason for preferring market-based rather than state-led economic growth in deeply divided societies. In itself it is, but the secondary effects of different paths on distribution have to be taken into account. In so far as they lead to worsening differentials between groups, the possibility of heightened conflict is created. The only long-term hope is to make ethnic boundaries less salient; the happiest outcome would seem to be when ethnicity becomes decorative in a high income economic environment. This is likely to be the work of decades, perhaps of enturies; even so, appalling retrogressions always seem to remain possible. The consequence of deep divisions is that there is likely to exist an unusually large number of prisoner’s dilemma situations. The prisoner’s dilemma arises when partners in crime are apprehended and held separately. The prisoners will be Jointly better off if they do not inform on each other, but each prisoner will be better off if he informs on the other, while the other does not inform on him. Attempts at individual maximisation may lead to both prisoners informing on each other which leads to the orst Joint outcome. The dilemma arises because of the absence of the opportunity for co-operation. ) Under such conditions, negotiation skills are at a premium. There are also advantages in the acceptance of a deontological liberal philosophy which (in the shorthand of political philosophers) places the right over the good. This involves seeking to regulate social relations by Just procedures while leaving individuals as free as possible to pursue their own, diverse conceptions of the good life. Such an attention should be paid simultaneously to the reduction of poverty. The analytical Marxist, Adam Przeworski has analysed analogous problems which arise in the case of severe class conflict. In his view, social democratic compromises are held together by virtue of the propensity of capitalists to reinvest part of their profits with the effect of increasing worker incomes in the future. Class compromise is made possible by two simultaneous expectations: workers expect that their incomes will rise over time, while capitalists expect to be able to devote some of their profits to consumption. In conditions of severe class conflict, these expectations about the future become ncertain, time horizons shorten, workers become militant, capitalists disinvest and political instability results. Three forms of resolution are available: stabilising external intervention, negotiation or renegotiation of a social contract or the strengthening of the position of one or other class by a shift towards conservatism or revolution. Przeworski’s sternest warnings are to Marxists who assume that revolution and the introduction of socialism is the inevitable outcome of a crisis. The second theme in the literature on semi-developed countries has to do with their position within the world economy. Three related sub-themes can be identified. Firstly, there has been a debate about the forms and limits of the diffusion of industrialisation. Dependency theory – now somewhat out of fashion, since its predictions of severe limitations on industrialisation in developing countries have been falsified – asserted that relationships between developing and developed countries are such as to keep the latter in perpetual economic subordination. The contrary thesis – that advanced industrial countries have had to deal with increased competition arising from quite widespread diffusion – now seems more plausible.

Lies and Deceit Paper

Lies and Deceit on Animal Farm/ the Real World: Speech There have been many examples of dictatorship across the world. Some examples of these are Hitler of Germany, Castro of Cuba, and Mussolini of Italy; they all have been corrupted by power. Joseph Stalin of communist Russia is the most accurate example because he is like Napoleon. People, especially leaders, use lies and deceit to maintain power; Napoleon is like Stalin because they are both corrupted by power.People often tell lies when it is convenient; the pigs told the other animals many lies some of which include, when the pigs took the milk and apples, when they lied about Boxer’s death, and when they said that the farm would be so much better off without Jones, but everything was just as bad if not worse. People tell lies as simple as trying to protect others’ feelings or something really complicated to try and get out of trouble either way the bottom line is people lie.The first lie of many that the Napoleon and the other pigs told is when Major is saying that Jones the farmer is treating the animals poorly and is trying to convince them to rebel against him. He tells them, â€Å"The life of an animal is misery and slavery; that is just the plain truth† The animals didn’t know that the pigs were just planning to take over and be just as bad as Jones was, or even worse. People tend to lie and deceive others when it is convenient for them, to make it easier on themselves.I’m pretty sure that all of us, at one point or another lied to our parents because it was what seemed easier at the time; For example, a child may lie because they broke something on accident, or a teenager stayed out past curfew and are lying to get out of it. After Old Major’s speech to the animals, Snowball tries to convince Mollie that Jones was bad; she was one of the rare few who liked him. Snowball was being corrupted by power, and he is a very convicing liar which is why Mollie believe s him. Then once the pigs got rid of Jones, they were taking all of the good apples and milk and saying it was for the health of their brains.Humans in the real world lie in their favor if we want something bad enough we will lie to get it. Boxer starts to work himself to death when they build the mill and he works day and night for weeks straight. Napoleon then names the mill after himself even though Boxer and the other animals did all of the work. People also lie or stretch the truth when we want to take credit for an achievement that we may not have even done ourselves. Then Napoleon sold wood to a human without consulting the group which made everyone a little angry.Humans do things without asking first. Squealer lied to the others after that by telling them Boxer was going to the vet instead of the knackers. â€Å"The van had been previously owned by the knackers and then bought by a vet and they have not yet re-painted the van† He said. When it was all said and done an d the transformation was complete one dictator was switched for another the animals were in the same place they had previously been. Napoleon would stand on his hind legs and even carry around a whip with him to keep the others in line.Then he tried to lie and say that the humans aren’t so bad after all. Nothing could have been further from the truth. In chapter three, the pigs’ deceit the other animals into thinking everything was okay when in fact it most definitely was not. The pigs were so clever that they could think of a way out of any and every difficulty. To recapitulate, people lie all the time and it is similar to the book because the pigs told the others the milk and apples were just a sacrifice, that Boxer’s death was an unfortunate accident, and that the pigs didn’t help anything.As a consequence the farm was worse then before, Boxer and many of the animals were killed, the mill was torn down and the pigs took over and made everything worse. Telling the truth may be worse at first, but in the long run it is the better decision. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Top of Form Powered by Bottom of Form

Is Recess Necessary in Schools essays

Is Recess Necessary in Schools essays There is a common misconception in our society that recess does not serve any real purpose. The Board of Directors of the American Association for the Childs Right to Play believes that recess is vital to a childs overall healthy development. Recess periods, which are regularly scheduled periods within the elementary school day for unstructured physical activity and play, give students a chance to discover their interests and passions, to develop ingenuity and inventiveness and serves as a vehicle that helps children establish self-esteem and strive for achievable personal goals. It also allows children to practice life skills such as conflict resolution, cooperation, respect for rules, taking turns, sharing, using language to communicate and problem solving in real situations that are real. There is a common misconception in our society that recess does not serve any real purpose. The Board of Directors of the American Association for the Childs Right to Play (IPA/USA) believe that recess is vital to a childs overall healthy development. (IPA/USA ) Recess periods, which are regularly scheduled periods within the elementary school day for unstructured physical activity and play, (Wechsler, Devereaux, Davis, It also allows children to practice life skills such as conflict resolution, cooperation, respect for rules, taking turns, sharing, using language to communicate and problem solving in real situations that are real. (Council on Physical Education for Children-COPEC, 2001) In a 1989 survey by the National Association of Elementary School Principals, 90% of the reporting school districts had some form of recess. Since that ...

Polyprotic acid Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Polyprotic acid - Lab Report Example An acid is defined, according to Brà ¸nsted and Lowry, as a compound which donates one or more protons [hydrogen ions, (H+)] (Chemistry - Dictionary.Com). The acid that donates one proton (e.g., acetic acid) is called a monoprotic acid while that which donates more than one proton is termed polyprotic. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4, also known as orthophosphoric acid) is a polyprotic acid whose three hydrogen atoms dissociate at different pH values. Therefore, H3PO4 has three pKa values (Give Ref of the text book you follow). H3PO4 forms an important functional group in biomolecules because of its ability to donate H+ under physiological conditions (www.sciencedaily.com). H3PO4 undergoes 3 ionization steps in aqueous condition as follows: An acid can be neutralized by the addition of an appropriate amount of a base by the technique known as titration, widely used in chemistry. When H3PO4 is titrated against a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, the pH of H3PO4 solution will stay fairly constant until the moles of NaOH i.e., the titrant added equal the moles of H3PO4 present. At this stage, further additions of titrant will cause an abrupt change in pH before it eventually stabilizes. A graph of pH versus added titrant is called a titration curve, and the point at which the pH changes significantly is called the equivalence point. The titration curve of H3PO4 will have more than one equivalence point as it is a polyprotic acid. The successive ionization steps taking place can be observed by constantly monitoring the pH during the titration, and plotting a graph of the pH versus volume of NaOH added. (i) 0.1M phosphoric acid solution: Using an autopipet, 3.38mL of concentrated H3PO4 solution (molarity = 14.8) were pipeted out into a clean and dry 500-mL volumetric flask. The acid was diluted up to the mark with distilled water, the flask was stoppered and the solution was mixed well. The dropping buret was filled to just above the top mark

Corporate Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Finance - Research Paper Example Total numbers of shares are taken as follows: = Year end $ value / $10 of face value Working: = Total Earnings/ No. of shares = 441,000 / 31,800 = 13.86 approximately $14 Earnings per share = $ 14 Considering a 50% payout ratio, the dividend would be $7 The reasonable estimate of the 50% of the shares therefore would be: = 31800 x 50% = 15900 Estimate = 15900 x 86.95 Total Best Estimate = $ 1,382,505 Q#2 Market Structure and trading conditions The total market of the Polishing and other allied products are over $4.5Billion. The market is largely fragmented with many small to medium players serving different niches of their target market. Essentially, the market is distributed into three distinct categories based on product classification. Carlton falls under the category of Chemical suppliers supplying chemicals to independent distributors who then sell to the end users. The fragmentation of the market is also due to low barriers to entry due to low cost of production involved. Since, the market is typically divided into two broader classes of chemical supplies and cleaning machinery therefore the overall cost of producing is low. This is also reflected from the fact that the gross margin of Carlton is 44% suggesting that the cost of producing the finished goods is relatively low. However, net margin within this industry is relatively low mainly due to high marketing costs involved. It has been the industry practice that distributors once acquired are hard to replaced therefore it require higher resources and persuasion to list a distributor serving the competitors. Most of the costs, therefore, are incurred in marketing overheads therefore the overall net margins are low in industry as most... The fragmentation of the market is also due to low barriers to entry due to low cost of production involved. Since, the market is typically divided into two broader classes of chemical supplies and cleaning machinery therefore the overall cost of producing is low. This is also reflected from the fact that the gross margin of Carlton is 44% suggesting that the cost of producing the finished goods is relatively low. However, net margin within this industry is relatively low mainly due to high marketing costs involved. It has been the industry practice that distributors once acquired are hard to replaced therefore it require higher resources and persuasion to list a distributor serving the competitors. Most of the costs, therefore, are incurred in marketing overheads therefore the overall net margins are low in industry as most of the key players have negative growth rates in terms of their net income. Overall the market is competitive with no clear market leadership however; different players serve their target markets with moderate success due to long established business and consumer relationships strengthened due to delivering high end services. Historically, Co has profitable with consistent growth rates achieved in both revenue as well as profitability.

Atlantic Stingray (Dasyatis Sabina) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atlantic Stingray (Dasyatis Sabina) - Essay Example DESCRIPTION: The Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur 1824) has a disc shape typical to all stingrays, and it is one of the smallest in its family (Piercy). It has a spade-like body form, having a relatively long snout and a long, slender, whip-like tail (McEachran 177). It has a brown to or yellowish coloration on the dorsal side which goes lighter near the edges and white or light gray on the ventral side (Passareli). To distinguish it from other similar genera, characters such as a certain ratio of snout length (25-27% of the total disc width) and snout angle (maximum of 107-122Â °) confirm its species identity. The outer corners of the disc body are broadly-rounded, while the posterior margin is moderately convex. The floor of the mouth has a row of three stout papillae, and has 28-36 rows of teeth. Both males and females have similar-looking teeth, rounded and having flat, blunt surfaces, except during mating season when the males develop sharper and narrower sets for cl asping the female during copulation (Tricas 224). The tail is similar to a whip, long and tapered with a barb measuring up to 25% of the disc width, and this modified scale secretes venom from both the dorsal and ventral sides (Passareli). Maximum disc size could reach up to 12.8 inches in males and 14.6 inches in females living in coastal or brackish lagoons, while for freshwater rays sizes reach up to 8.7 inches for females and 8.3 inches for males. Like other members of the cartilaginous fishes, the Atlantic stingray is capable of generating weak electrical fields, both in finding prey and females at the benthic zone. FOOD: Food can be primarily anything that can be caught near the bottom of the habitat or the benthic zone, and these are mostly polychaetes, crustaceans, and bony fishes (McEachran 177). Other reported organisms that are hunted include bivalves, tube anemones, clams, nereid worms, and amphipods (Passareli). HABITAT: Atlantic stingrays live in brackish benthic water systems, where the saltwater meets fresh waters coming from estuaries (Johnson 75). There is a preference for sandy bottoms but with water depths less than 25m (Piercy). These fish migrate from brackish waters to fresh waters and back again, depending on the climate of the areas, which shows that they have varying but wide degrees of salt tolerance. Water temperature ranges for the species is around 24.5Â °C-31.0Â °C (Wallman 259). MATING: Initial studies mentioned that Atlantic stingray mating seasons start from late March when ovulation in females begin and lasts up to July (Johnson 74). Later studies indicated that the mating season could last as long as nine months, from August to April of the following year (Tricas 209). Changes seen in the males such as sharper teeth happen during the breeding season in order to clasp the females during copulation, which is comparable to some mating behavior of related species like in some sharks. PREDATORS: Predators depend on the location of the Atlantic stingrays. In brackish to coastal areas, sharks such as white shark, tiger sharks and bull sharks are the major predators (Passareli). In freshwaters, alligators are reported to be the major stingray predators. BEHAVIOR: Atlantic stingrays are non-aggressive fish, and only attack when stepped on (Passareli). When hunting for food, rays swim slowly near

Dystopian Society Present in 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Dystopian Society Present in 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 Essay The idea of a dystopian society is that of complete control, either through the use of a police state that has ultimate control over humanity and or the idea of man abusing technology to further gain control of its subjects. These ideas are very present in both novels. In 1984, the totalitarian state is technically and urbanely engineered to spy on and see peoples very thoughts. In Fahrenheit 451 a similar idea is used in the outlawing of literature and the use of denunciations to capture and punish those deemed to have broken the law. This essay is going to explore the idea of Man’s struggle against the society which seeks to break him, erasing the individual, resulting in the mindless slaves to society, the very idea that the authors warn against. In 1984, the constant barrage of information regarding the greatness of the state and Big Brothers supremacy over the common man forces everyone to consent and believe in the totalitarian state. The party justifies itself by eliminating the individual, giving power to everyone as being part of the collective power of the party as O’Brien mentions  «if he can escape from his identity, if he can merge himself in the party so that he is the party, then he is all-powerful and immortal  » the party’s belief that they control everything even human reality portrays how far a totalitarian government can go in achieving complete control of humanity. This can be clearly seen in 1984, where O’Brien tortures Winston to the point where he is capable of relinquishing all humanity, all common sense until the point where O’Brien tells Winston that two and two make five. Winston loses all sense of individuality to the point where conforms to the party and denounces his true love Julia. Through the use of fear and crushing oppression, the idea of love apart from love for big brother and the party is all that remains. Therefore the Party succeed in their aims, obedience through the use of force and fear. The central conflict of the novel is Man-vs. Society, as with Fahrenheit 451. Winston constantly struggled for individuality in a society were there is no â€Å"I† there is only ‘we†, individuality and freedom of expression is forbidden, punishable by death. The party wishes to control all of humanity, eradicating the â€Å"sex instinct†, O’Brien says  « we will abolish the orgasm  »  « there will be no loyalty, except loyalty towards the party. There will be no love, except the love of big brother†¦ there will be no art, no literature, no science  », in this, the party’s aims are clear. They seek to destroy what it is to be human, to create a population of hollow men, loyal to none but the party, un-thinking, un-loving slaves of the party, tools. As in 1984, the state in Fahrenheit wish to crush creative thinking, eradicating humanity in the process. The burning of books, similar to the book burnings of Nazi Germany show the totalitarian, dystopian need to control the thoughts of the masses. By doing this, they control the past, and therefore the future. They are able to rewrite history to justify their acts, indoctrinating the youth to believe in their cause, just as the Nazis did. In Fahrenheit 451, as in 1984, symbolism and reversible meanings are present which can also be seen as conflicting emotions in the protagonist and the struggle to find a place in society. In 451, the contrasting ideas of fire and water are very interesting. The firemen are not as tradition tells, protectors of the people, putting out fires and saving lives, but using fire to burn and destroy literature. Their role is to destroy, to burn human creativeness. Captain Beatty, chief of the fire department, believes that fire is bright and fire is clean. This idea contradicts the norm of fire is destructive and evil. This represents the twisted ideas of authority, reversing the meaning of words, rewriting them to justify their aims of total control over humanity. The masses fail to see the true meaning of these words, or perhaps they have forgotten. This shows how far the totalitarian government has succeeded in indoctrinating people into believing what ever they wish them to. However, the protagonists in both novels are depicted as being marginalised because they do not share the same ideas, due to morals and ideals that they can only express in their minds, far from the reach of the state, a lonely free island in a sea of relentless waves. The idea of water by Bradbury is used to cleanse montag’s soul. The water saves Montag, cleansing him of the scent of society, he is thus reborn. In addition, when Montag is trying to escape the helicopters and the mechanical hound, the tools of the totalitarian government, the stream hides and saves him until it is safe to return to land. Montag indulges himself in the water and there was only the cold river and Montag floating in a sudden peacefulness, away from the city and the lights and the chase, away from everything in this the water saves him, purifies him, the opposite of the dystopian symbol, fire. Water is portrayed as the flow of humanity. In 1984, the party uses contrasting ideas in their party slogans such as  « War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength  » these contrasting ideas represent perfectly the party’s ideals. The individual and the freedom that comes with it actually results in slavery in the dystopian society, ignorance of the truth of what the party is really about protects you from persecution of the thought police. The use of these contradicting words and the lack of opposition, mean that the party have succeeded in their indoctrination of the masses as no one has the ability to see past the words to see their true sense, even Winston and Julia remain troubled by it. In a dystopian society, the state exerts complete control over its population through oppression, terror and the constant use of propaganda. This is apparent in both novels. Both novels are predictions of a future controlled by totalitarian states. The thoughtpolice in 1984 use brainwashing, spies and denunciations to control the party however the proles are generally untouched. This is similar to Nazi Germany in that only those who rebelled or were undesirables in society were quashed, the general population remained untouched. By comparing Nazi Germany and the era in which this novel was written, we can see the blatant warning against future governments similar to the National Socialists led by Hitler and the state of terror and oppression and ethic cleansing which was deemed for the greater good. O’Brien says to Winston â€Å"perhaps you have returned to your old idea that the proletarians or the slaves will arise and overthrow us. Put it out of your mind. They are helpless, like the animals. Humanity is the party. † This shows the view that the totalitarian government controls all that is humanity and the lower classes remain irrelevant because they have neither the knowledge nor the power to overthrow those who control reality. They control the laws of nature, the past, the present and the future. However, Fahrenheit 451 does not elaborate on the political aims of the ruling party apart from their desire to quash human creativity and the ideas of individuality. Yet it remains a typical part of dystopian ideology to desire to control every aspect of the masses and even humanity itself. The use of the  « telescreen  » is an interesting concept that is abundant in both texts. The use of the telescreen in Fahrenheit 451 is that this became the populaces way of interacting with others without physically interacting with them, as people became detached from literature, from freedom. The people on these televisions were your family, who would keep you company and be your friend, spurting propaganda and essentially keeping people in check. The telescreen in 1984, shared the same idea but consisted of other more sinister uses such as spying on those suspected of thoughtcrime, revolutionary thoughts against the party, overhearing conversations and playing militaristic key speeches and propaganda techniques seen in Nazi Germany with the peoples radio. However this form of propaganda could never be switched off. This shows the ingsoc party’s ability to penetrate every single aspect of humanity and society, the idea that  « big brother is watching you  « is very well demonstrated. This of course being the reason why Winston and Julia were captured and tortured by the state. The use of the Telescreen can be noted in Winston and Julia’s struggle in that they are constantly bombarded by party propaganda, possibly overheard by the party through speakers hidden in the screen. This creates pressure to conform for fear of being found out and sent to the ministry of love for reconditioning. The underlying fear of the unknown bound them to neither conform nor rebel. They are lost in a society which they cannot escape and do not wish to be a part of, yet they have no choice. I believe that under this amount of pressure, anyone would fall and conform to whatever the Party demands, as the individual is no match for the collective power of the Party. Winston is not just a character in the story, but an idea. Winston is an anachronism. His mind and personality are not defined by the Party slogans, by the Party’s ideas of what he should be. From his own point of view he is an individual; from the Party’s point of view he is a flaw in the reality it is creating. The story follows Winston and his struggle for individualism and his overpowering feelings of humanity, the very feelings that the party try to destroy, which they eventually do through horrific torture spread over months. O’Brien says to him whilst trying to brainwash him  « you are the last man†¦you are the guardian of the human spirit.  » Winston then looks into the mirror and sees the frail creature that he had become. O’Brien does this to show the extent to which his party can destroy humanity and rebuild it to their designs. He then goes on to say  « Do you see that thing facing you? That is the last man. If you are human, that is humanity.  » Convincing Winston that his struggle in futile, the control of the party is infinite, they create the law around them to meet their ends of controlling everything, and everyone. Winston is eventually brainwashed and ends up loving bigbrother, thus the aims of the party complete. In conclusion, the extent to which 1984 refers to a dystopian society compared to Fahrenheit 451 is at once different yet similar. The ideas of the party relate to those of the Nazis and soviet Russia; the lies, the oppression, the propaganda, the removal of civil liberties and the crushing of humanity. However 1984 is an extreme version of this prediction of the future. Fahrenheit explores more the emotional changes in Montag that convinces him to relinquish his part in destroying freedom of expression enforced by the fireman and the state and to embrace his curiosity and his humanity. 984 ends with the destruction of Winston, finally loving bigbrother, his love for Julia destroyed, his individuality crushed they had both failed themselves and each other and lost to power of â€Å"Big Brother. † Orwell was a firm believer in Marxism and the need for the proletarian to rise up and equalise society. These two tales are a warning of the dangers of dystopian societies, the need f or humanity to shed this society that has become so desensitised and to be aware of the reliance on technology, before it is too late.

The Perceptions Of Sexual Health Services Young People Essay

The Perceptions Of Sexual Health Services Young People Essay Objective: To investigate young peoples perceptions of sexual health services that they demand and sex education provided children. Design: Questionnaires based on open-ended questions. Setting: 30 young people (aged 19-21 years) surveyed at Anglia Ruskin University. Method: I interviewed young people using the questionnaires. Results: 80% young people think that Confidentiality and Friendly atmosphere and staffs easy to talk to are the important factors, when they ask someone sexual questions. On the other hand, they dont think that general advice about sexual health and other health matters is important factors. Also, they think that children should be taught different sexual health educations, such as How to say no to sex, Contraception, and Sexuality, Religious and Morality, at around 13 years old at school. Conclusion: I identified that young peoples demands towards sexual health services are comfortable atmosphere and reliable staffs, not sexual health knowledge and counsellors advice itself. Also, I felt that young peoples versions of the proper ages that children should learn each sex education are almost the same as that of general Japanese through this study. [Definition] The  World Health Organisation (WHO)  define sexual health as Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled. (1) According to AVERT which is an international AIDS charity define sex education as Sex education, which is sometimes called sexuality education or sex and relationships education, is the process of acquiring information and forming attitudes and beliefs about  sex, sexual identity, relationships and intimacy. Sex education is also about developing young peoples skills so that they make informed choices about their behaviour, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices. It is widely accepted that young people have a right to sex education. This is because it is a means by which they are helped to protect themselves against abuse, exploitation, unintended pregnancies,  sexually transmitted diseases  and  HIV  and  AIDS. It is also argued that providing sex education helps to meet young peoples rights to information about matters that affect them, their right to have their needs met and to help them enjoy their sexuality and the relationships that they form. (2) [Introduction] Nowadays, the attentions on sexual health services and sex education towards young people have been increasing, because there are facts that the concept of sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS, Chlamydia, and Syphilis, has become more familiar to young people, and the number of unwanted pregnancies is increasing. Governments and organisations try to deal with the problems through providing places where people can learn sex education, or establishing special institutions providing sexual health services. In fact, there is The Sydney Sexual Health Centre in Sydney, Australia. They state on their site, The Sydney Sexual Health Centre provides a confidential and comprehensive service that helps put you in control of your sexual health. We do this by providing screening, vaccination and management of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) including HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, womens and mens sexual health care, education, individual and couple counselling, and needle and syringe program. The service is free and a Medicare card is not required. (3) They supply people with knowledge, advice, and testing for different sexually transmitted diseases for free. As a matter of course, there are many similar institutions in the UK, and such sexual health services are provided by National Health Service in each area. According to AVERT, the purpose of sex education is the following. Sex education aims to reduce the risks of potentially negative outcomes from sexual behaviour, such as unwanted or unplanned pregnancies and infection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. It also aims to contribute to young peoples positive experience of their sexuality by enhancing the quality of their relationships and their ability to make informed decisions over their lifetime. Sex education that works, by which we mean that it is effective, is sex education that contributes to both these aims thus helping young people to be safe and enjoy their sexuality. (2) I think that the supplies of sexual health services and sex education to young people are important for their health and future, so I decided to investigate whether they were taught about sex education at their school or not, and what images young people in Cambridge have regarding it. [Method] I created questionnaires which are consisted of open-ended questions, and those questionnaires are based on questionnaires designed by C Reeves, R Whitaker, R K Parsonage, C A Robinson, K Swale, L Bayley in their research paper, Sexual health services and education: Young peoples experiences and preferences. (4) I asked respondents to comment on services they expect counsellors or facilities providing sexual health services, and the right ages that children should be taught sexual relationship education at school. I interviewed 30 young people at Anglia Ruskin University. I tabulated the data, and I assessed the differences between groups. [Results] Young peoples demands towards sexual health services I asked young people, If you went for information/advice regarding contraception/health matters, how important would each of the following be to you? For your information, you can choose as many as you feel appropriate. Table 1 showed the results. According to the table 1, 80% young people answered that Confidentiality and Friendly atmosphere and staff easy to talk to are the significant aspects. Surprisingly, they replied that counsellors character and comradely atmosphere are more important than their advice or knowledge. As the third best answer, Tests for HIV and other sexual infections were an important factor for young people. 63% respondents agreed Emergency contraception is also a weighty factor. Those two aspects were concrete and visible rather than abstract and sensuous such as top two factors. Following that, Not telling your parents without your permission was the fifth best factor. This might mean that young people are afraid of their parents views of their sexual lives. Unplanned pregnancy counselling, and Pregnancy testing, were important factors, with 53% and 50% respectively. These results might show that young peoples contraceptive use is low when they have sexual relationships wi th their partner. Also, they look that they understand a risk of having a sexual relationship without a contraceptive item, such as a condom. Next, Young people answered that Being able to go without an appointment and General advice on sexual health are less important that above sections, with 33% and 30% each. Last, Advice on other health matters was the least important element for them. As I told above, to sum up, young people put importance on sexual health professionals character and the mood. On the other hand, they dont care about advice or knowledge from sexual health professionals. [Table 1] The proper ages of being taught each sex education Table 2 shows that the proper ages that children should be taught different sex education topics from the views of young people. According to the table 2, young people think that children should be taught the following sex education at around 13 years old. Interestingly, each age of Homosexuality and lesbianism, Sexuality, religions and moral values, HIV/AIDS and other STDs, Rape, Abortion, and Sexual abuse was slightly higher than other items. All of these items are related to individual belief regarding sexual relationships, or solemn problems, such as sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual violence. On the other hand, the ages of children being taught Contraception, How to discuss contraceptive use, and How to say no to sex were marginally lower than above one. Also, young people answered that children should be educated Role of emotions in sexual relationships sooner than others. According to the table 2, these 4 topics under 13 years old are more basic and central topics than the one over 14 years old. To sum up, young people believe that children should be taught sex education around 13 years old, but they also feel that there are proper stages of being taught each sexual education topic. [Table 2] [Conclusion] I found out that young peoples perceptions of sexual health services and sex education through this study. Firstly, I discovered that the strongest demand of sexual health services of young people is the mood and personality of counsellors providing sexual health services, not their knowledge and their advice itself. I think that the reason is young people can get information on sexual problems itself through the Internet, TV, and books. Therefore, I feel that they need the environment and people that provide them with the sense of safety and a feeling of trust in the counsellors. Similarly, their concern about sexually transmitted diseases was a high score, so this might mean that sexually transmitted diseases spread young people. According to the Health Protection Agencys report in the UK between 1999 and 2008 (5), the number of Syphilis rose dramatically from 223 to 2524. In the same way, there was a striking increase in the number of Chlamydia from 56991 to 123018. Also, the patients caused by herpes considerably increased from 17509 to 28957. Total number of patients went up by appro ximately 150000 only 10 years. In 1999, similarly, just over 3000 people were diagnosed with HIV in the UK. However, there were 7298 new diagnoses of HIV in 2008, so the increase was more than twice. On the other hand, young people dont need advices of sexual health and general health so much. As I stated above, I think that the reason why they dont put importance on these aspects is that they can get similar advice or much better information which are related to their problems through different ways, such as the Internet, magazines, and TV. Hence, they demand friendly atmosphere and conversable staffs on sexual health services. When I was 11, 12 years old, I studied sex education at my elementary school. So, I found that the ages that young people in Cambridge were taught sex education at school is almost the same as that of general Japanese people experienced at school. According to the table 2, young people think that children should be taught primary and fundamental sex education, such as Role of emotions in sexual relationships, Contraception, How to say no to sex, faster than others. I think that it is hard for children who are around 12 years old to understand completely the meaning of taking sex education, because most children dont have an interest in sexual activities at the age. However, sex education would be important for them in a few years later, so they should be taught basic sex education at the early stage. After that, they should learn more ethical and serious sex education, such as Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Abortion, and Rape. In my opinion, at the same time, I feel that governments and organisations should establish institutions providing sexual health services and sex education for some children who want to study and need it. In a consequence, childrens understanding about sex education would improve, so unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases would decline from a long-time point of view. I found out that young peoples demands towards sexual health services and the staffs, and their notion of the ages when children should be taught sex education at school through this study. However, I didnt explore the differences between gender, generation, and countries on this time. As future prospects, I feel that I should increase the number of respondents, and ask their gender, religion, gender, and nationality, and analyse the data. As a consequence, I could get more interesting and broad information regarding the perceptions of young peoples sexual health services and sex education.